大一轮复学案化学第25讲化学反应的方向和化学反应的调控②课标要求1.知道化学反应是有方向的，知道化学反应的方向与反应的焓变和熵变有关。2.认识化学反应速率和化学衡的综合调控在生产、生活和科学研究中的重要作用。3.知道催化剂可以改变反应历程，对调控化学反应速率具有重要意义。必备知识·整合知识梳理(2)化学反应的调控一、化学反应进行的方向①含义：通过改变反应条件使一个可能发生的1.自发过程反应按照某一方向进行。(1)含义：在一定条件下，不需要借助外力作②考虑实际因素用就能进行的过程。a.结合设备条件、安全操作、经济成本等情况，趋向：高能状态→低能状态综合考虑影响化学反应速率和化学衡的因(2)特点倾向：有序(密闭体系中)素，寻找适宜的生产条件。2.熵、熵变b.根据环境保护及社会效益等方面的规定和(1)熵是度量体系程度的物理量，符号要求做出分析，权衡利弊，才能实施生产。为。2.以工业合成氨为例，理解运用化学反应原理选(2)影响熵大小的因素择化工生产中的适宜条件①相同条件下，物质不同熵不同。(1)反应原理：N2(g)+3H,(g)=2NH(g)②同一物质：S(g)S(1)S(s)。△H=-92.4kJ·mol。(3)熵变=生成物的总熵-反应物的总熵。(2)3.化学反应方向的判据反应放热过程中体系能量降低，△H0,反应有自发进行的倾向，但有些嫡减的过程应条件据也能自发进行，故只用嫡变来判断反应方向也不全面加快反温度，压强（反应速率应物浓度)，使用复_0,反应能自发进行反应条件△G=△H-T△S0,反应处于衡状态的选择提高据0,反应不能自发进行转化率压强（反应物浓度），(衡正温度二、化学反应的调控向移动)1.化学反应条件的控制(4)综合考虑选择适宜的生产条件(1)影响化学反应进行的因素①温度：400~500℃；①参加反应的物质的组成、结构和性质等自身②压强：10MPa~30MPa;因素。③以铁触媒作催化剂；②温度、压强、浓度、催化剂等反应条件。④采用循环操作提高原料利用率。·198·

友情提示：加波浪线部分为本单元主题拓展词汇。第13期B1版Keys:课文链接1-2AB主题阅读1-5 GDFAC

patter.They do this to camouflage themselves to avoid their enemies and also to communicate withothers.They can completely change their appearance in less than a second.It can change its skin tolook like rocks,sand or planktron(浮游生物).Some scientists have even suggested that these different patterns and colors are in fact a very hardlanguage-and that each design is a different verb,adjective or noun.But nobody has been able towork out what they might be saying.There's a long way to go to get to know the octopus completely.a-24.What can we infer about the octopus'intelligence from Paragraph 2?ofIt does not attract scientists.B.Little has been known about it.C.it is equal to the cat's or dog'sD.Much has been done about it.25.What can we say about scientists'study on the octopus in the 1950s?A.They had to give it up eventually.B.They used computers to help.e?C.They found its arms could thinkD.They judged it lived like a cat.setto26.What does the underlined word "camouflage"in Paragraph 4 probably mean?B.Strengthen.A.Relax.Express.C.Hide.er27.What does the author think of the octopuses?A.They are the smartest animals.B.They're easy to be seen in the sea.C.It is useful to copy their language.D.It is difficult to understand them.In the shadow of Kenya's Mount Kilimanjaro,nine Rothschild giraffes,the rarest giraffes on thetheplanet,are free to wander at the English-style manor ()Every day shortly before 9 am,theydercome up to the house and stick their heads through the windows and doors in search of morning treats.The manor's owners,Tanya and Mikey Carr-Hartley,share their dining table with them.And now theoutcouple are sharing the fantastic experience with the public by opening the manor gates to guests at thegiraffe hotel,the only hotel of its kind in the world.Now,guests can feed the giraffes at breakfast butcan also get up close to them from their second-floor bedrooms.BMr and Mrs Carr-Hartley,both 38,spent their childhood living close to the house in Nairobi andhave always been enthusiastic about the animals.Tanya said,"Mikey and I grew up near this manorhouse when we were children.We are both third generation Kenyans and have always wanted to work州in conservation.Mikey's family have been related to the protection of animals for many generations.His granddad helped the removal of giraffes as far back as the 1930s because the Rothschild giraffes杯lost much of their natural living space.When the house came up for sale,we jumped at the chance tobuy it as we had always dreamed of owning it.Now,we were absolutely overjoyed to do something for翻the giraffe protection.Having the giraffes so close is very special and something which people can nowexperience by staying in one of the ten rooms at the hotel."A conservation project to save them was started at the manor in 1974 by the previous owners."The previous owners ran a very successful breeding (programme,where many giraffes wereve toAndset free into the wild and we hope to continue."said Tanya.ch as28.Why are the Carr-Hartley family unusual?外屋A.They're living on the rarest giraffes.B.They share their home with giraffes.C.They're good at making giraffes'food.rains.theirD.They train giraffes to manage the hotel.s have29.What can we know about Mikey's family?A.It has had a long connection with giraffes.红ceB.It used to raise giraffes around the manor.have aC.It built a new manor for the wild giraffes.D.It removed giraffes to Mount Kilimanjaro.8058Cd body【高三测试·英语第4页（共8页）】8058C

第五章物质的结构与性质2.电负性的应用②题组训练判断元素金属的电负性一般小于1.8，电负考向1电离能金属性与性越小，金属元素越活泼非金属性1.(2022山东济南一模)化合物(YX4)2W2Z4常用的强弱非金属的电负性一般大于1.8，电电负性越大，非金属元素越活泼作沉淀滴定分析试剂。X是原子半径最小的判断元素电负性大的元素易呈现负价元素，Y的基态原子成单电子与成对电子个数的在化合物中价态的正、负电负性小的元素易呈现正价之比为3：4，Z元素的电负性仅次于氟元素，W原子电子总数与Z原子的最外层电子数相电负性差值大的元素原子之间形判断化学成的化学键主要是离子键同。下列说法正确的是(键类型电负性差值小的元素原子之间形A.简单氢化物的还原性：Y>Z成的化学键主要是共价键B.最高正化合价：Z>Y>W心典题精练C.第一电离能：Z>Y>W例(2022山东临沂二模)某新型漂白剂的结构D.该化合物中W与Y的杂化方式相同如图，其组成元素均为短周期元素，其中X2.(2022福建泉州三模)某团簇分子由原子序数依与Y同周期，X与W对应的简单离子核外电次增大的M、N、P、Q四种短周期元素组成，其子排布相同，且W、Y、Z的价电子数之和等空间结构如图，M、N、Q位于不同周期，其中N于X的最外层电子数。下列说法错误的是是地壳中含量最高的元素，Q的最高价氧化物(对应的水化物和强酸、强碱均能反应。下列说Z-X、/X-XX-Z法错误的是(W2+YZ-X/X-XoMONA.原子半径：W>Y>X>ZOPB四种元素中X电负性最大OoC.1mol该物质中含有2mol配位键A.通常情况下M,N比M2N2更稳定D.第一电离能介于X与Y之间的同周期元素B.M、N、P组成的化合物中含离子键和共价键有1种C.P和Q能形成密度小、硬度大的合金材料解题感悟D.元素的第一电离能：PⅢA,VA>IA分析子的空间运动状态有2种期表C.LiA1H4中Al原子采取sp3杂化，AlH的空中的同主族递变规律：自上而下元素的相对第一电离能逐渐减小断间结构为正方形位置各级电离能依次增大，D.上述所有物质中电负性最大的元素与电负同种元素即12…性最小的元素形成的化合物，其电子式为Na'[:H]·117.

青编：霍红梅马兰高考版N版新教材新高考PROGRESSATIO列2223第7期双语等教成长评估第6丽BTa】M:The pendas are soW:BuIE当ym't时必修3 Units1-2综合能力检测编辑小语：严判选文立t0Kwe意、合理配比考点、难易区分1组韩适当、考查关健能力、专业命命题人：曾庆辉袁能琼蒋开杰周尧Cindy张锐新月题团队、开发原创命题。●·第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分)·●第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）10.What will the man do next?听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、CA.Ask his wife for help.B.Get back his items.三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来C.Have his suitcase checked.回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。What does David want to do after graduation?11.How long does the festival usually last?A.To seek employment.B.To study abroad.C.To start a family.A.Three daysB.Two daysC.A week.2.What will the speakers do next?12.Which type of music is John especially interested in?A.Hip-hop.B.ElectronicaC.Hardcore punk.A.Repair their light.B.Walk slowly to save some energy.C.Change their light bulb.13.What does John suggest doing at last?A.Inviting Jason to the festival.B.Leaming more about the festival.3.Where are most probably the speakers?Text sB.At a clinicC.At the office.C.Borrowing Jason's car.☑A.At a school.4.Why does the man catch up with the woman?听第9段材料，回答第14至17题A.To thank her for her treat.B.To ask about her flight information.14.When was the picture taken?A.n2002.B.ln2012C.n2015.

位似比为2￥，eecemThe hat theethey worked better in elass.The teachers weechjoyed doing the dhl uer But maw They said that rumning every day helped the children sleep better.But most importantly,thepeoplper andbecame healthier and none of the children in the school were overweight.they saw.he government offieials in Scotland now want students in all of their primary and middle shoolosinceincluThepli could help the studenoonly@daynothrunning the Daily Mile?B.raising questions63The writer starts the text bythirat ofA.telling storiesD。naking comparisonsonlgiving suggr✉s64.What do we know about the Daily Mile?C.A It is an interesting race.inB.It has a history of over 20 years.C.It gets children to know that exereise can be fun.D.It is more popular in middle schools than in primaryschools.65.What's Paragraph 3 mainly about?inA.The students'opinions about the Daily Mile.B.The teachers'expectations of the Daily Mile.C.Suggestions about the Daily Mile from parents.D.Changes in the students brought by the Daily Mile66.What do the government officials of Scotland think of the Daily Mile?A.They are in support of it.B.They are against it.D.They doubt the usefulness of it.C.They don't care about it.DAaler used to carry big bags of salt on his donkey's back as he made his way to the market every day.On the way there.they had to cross a river.One day,the donkey took a sudden fall into the river.Thebig bags of salt also fell into the water.The salt seller didn't notice,but some of the salt dissolved in thewater,making the bags much lighter to earry.The donkey realized this and felt much more comfortableonhis way to the market.The next day,the donkey did the same thing,except this time,he fell in the water on purpose.Again,lavethe bags were lighter and easier to carry.irdsThe salt seller soon found out what was going on and decided to teach his donkey a lesson,The nextday,he put two big bags of cotton on the donkey's back.Again the donkey played the same trick,hopingavethat the bags would became even lighter.But the cotton that felt into the water instead became very heavy to carry.The donkey learned a lessonand didn't play this trick any more after that day.areSometimes,we might feel tempted to take shortcuts or cheat when we have a lot of hard work to do.likeHowever,taking shortcuts and cheating will often come back to harm us later.It is better to simply work honestly67 What happened to the big bags of salt according to Paragraph 2?A.The bags fell into the water.B.One of the bags fell into the river.C.There was a big hole in one of the bags.D.The salt seller took some salt out of the bags68.Why did the donkey fall into the river again?A.Because he hoped to find the missing salt.B.Because he wanted to make the bags lighter6.Because he wanted to swim across the river.D.Because he thought it was comfortable in the water9.What lesson can we learn from this text?A.Cheating is okay sometimes.B.A white lie can do harm to others.C.We should be strong enough to fight temptationD.We should avoid taking shortcuts to deal with problemsEDo you often buy something that you don't really need?It looks nice in the shop.There is a gooadvertisement.You want it.All your friends have one.There are a lot of excuses.We throw away millions of mobile phones and computers every year.They aren't broken.We just wawest model.But buying too much is bad for the environment because it creates pollution and usesthe world's resources.It also wastes lots of money.

克的云年法注蛋海301国定全国100所名枚最所高考横拟示拍各人22.(12分)已知椭圆C芳+芳=1(a>6>0)的三个顶点所确定的三角形的面积为25，A(2,e)(e是C的离心率)是C上一点，直线l:y=k(x一2)与C交于P,Q两点.(1)若△APQ的内心在直线x=2上，求直线l的方程；(2)设B(1,0),直线PB,QB与C分别交于M,N(不同于P,Q)两点，当k>0时，记直线PQ,MN的倾斜角分别为a,B,求tan(a一B)的最大值.密胶，一A.=○.8)0e=8上J,')灯.，中图胶.中长，置帕q点性们点卧，○0封白，西府以商：点张，00式小大的一○9武面扫描全能王创建

双语七年级（上）Unit3基础能力训练

金国100所名校最新高考横拟示花卷。The ENIAC Proger (645 pm on Wednesday,August.5)Aver World War ipioneering women were asigd to program the new Electronicmerical Integrator and Computer,for which there were no instruction codes or programminguide theTheycd but theirryevertoheihrmmker Kathy Kleman bring itou of the hdowWhich program is carried out on the Internet?A.Destination Cities.B.The Age of Confucius.C.The ENIAC Programmers.D.The Secret History of Home Economics.aycyouabout theancientcures of China?A.August 8.B.August 18.C.August 22.D.August 24.can beat describe the four progrms?A.Relaxing.B.Instructive.C.Entertaining.D.Touching.BDuring the first few years of working in sales,things came pretty easily.I was good athatIdid,and my company was aware of it.But I started to notice that,though I was a goodomer,I wasn't rewarded with opportunities that were coming to my colleagues.I had akwith my boss,who told me she'd tried for months and months to give me chances to accel-emy career but that I hadn't responded to any of them.Heaizedmy own problem,I put everything I had into my work.Soon my perform-d,and I got congratulations from my colleagues and my boss.However,mean-mypersonal life was starting to break down.dbee6t but suddeny Irealized hdo desre to particippreparatios.】dnm fiance(未婚夫)the oshoer He cofigrenoth e,and he ueItry therapy.Therefore,ent oand my therapist told me I had the habit of procrastination (and thatkreveayear to overcome t.earching for other more applicable solutions.Eventualy,Iencountered a pagethat began with asking me questions designed to dig deeper into the origins of my procrastina-ion.As this was something my therapist had never bothered to do,this approach interestedme.

the age ofnd no.If they decidechildhood memories will be gonewhen we are six.2.yes and no说不准；也是也不是8纸结色★促进本版供稿人：广东董路丁昭（本版参考答案见下期）★塑造学生良好第5期参考答案★发展学生语宫第1版In FocusIII.1.is known famous /well-known for★提升学生阅读1.By growing grapes.2.everyday things 3.high-technology products4.No matter 5.avoid making mistakes第二节听长对话回答问题参考答室主要栏目2.Shandong and Tianjin3.In20026.is sent for processing 7.As far as I know听第四段对话，回答第4-6三个小题。听说部分Grammar FocusM:Laura,you celebrated your birthday with your1 Clav2.It s softLIN FOCUS】4.She is hard-working and active.I.1.is cleaned 2.are served 3.are broughtfamily yesterday,right?So how was it?3.Reading an article.4.The music club直击热点Our World启4.are given 5.are spokenW:I enjoyed it.My mom picked me up from the5.The scarf.6.In Canada.1-3 TFFII.1.The plants are watered by my mom.music club.Then my family had dinner together.7.13 to 15-year-olds8.The Tiger PrizeCOLORFULLIFEg.“Veather"10.1,000 dollars百味故事2.Is the housework done by the kids?M:Sweet!What presents did you get?助Reading Tasks第2版信息转述One possible version:3.Mike isn't allowed to go out at night by hisTHEME READINGW:I got a white scarf from my dad and a red blouseThe speech is about great minds.It will beTask I 1.happiness and good wishesparents.依托课标重from my mom.The scarf is made of cotton andheld in the school hall.And it will be held from 8:302.good luck and a happy new year4.Those workers don't use these materials(INSPIRATIONthe blouse is made of silk.to 11:30.During the speech,the students should3.life and beautyanymore.M:Wow.读小故事keep silent.After the speech,the students must writeTaskⅡIII.1.are thought 2.are liked 3.are calledLYOUTH)an article about great minds.1.paper 2.asking for help when in trouble4.are grown/grow 5.are producedW:But unluckily,my sister couldn't return toAmerica.询问信息Possible answers:多彩青春3.it is cut with scissors 4.by hand 5.paint6.are taken 7.are watered 8.add 9.are pickedM:Why?1.Who will give the speech?TaskⅢ10.are sent2.Can I take photos during the speech?主要栏目The passage introduces three kinds of traditionalSection BW:She was in Canada.Because of COVID-19,her笔试部分七、八、九Chinese art forms-sky lanterns,paper cutting andI.1.its 2.completed 3.balloons 4.formsplane ticket wasn't sold there11-15 BACBD第三节听独白回答问题1-5 CABBC6-10 BABCC四开四睡Chinese clay art.They all have special symbol5.lively 6.international 7.scissors16-20 DBCCA21-25 DADBB 26-30 CDAACmeanings to Chinese people.II.1.turned;into 2.According to听独白，回答第710四个小题31-35 BGADE每学用20Task IV 1.is made from 2.is used to 3.is seen as3.reading fairy tales/stories 4.paper cuttingBoys and girls,the art and science competitions36.Instead37.in38.a4.happiness5.rise into the air/sky 6.is covered withare starting soon.All the competitions are named41.provide温馨提示39.140.member7.sent outGrammarafter animals One of the competitions,the Bear42.hard/difficult43.GovernmentSelf Check 1-5 DBAEFI.1-3 CCCPrize.is for 16 to 18-year-olds.So if you have older44.what45.make第5-6版Ⅱ，l,is held2.isn't asked46.It is known as the "Capital of Kites"3.Are;encouraged;Yes;they are;No;they aren'tUnit5综合能力评估试题听说材料及参考答案brothers and sisters in the school,get them to jointhat one But the one for kids of your age,the Tiger47.It took him three/3 years to make the first kite订阅热听说材料4.Where is;produced 5.How is;made48.Lu Ban's kite could fly for three days.一、模仿朗读（略）Prire,is the one we'd like you to go for.As some ofLexical Chunks49.It usually holds the International Kite Festival in二、信息获取you may remember.the theme for last year was0351A)1-6 dcafeb B)1-5 ceadb C)1-6 feadbeWeather'.This year a new theme“Change”hasApril.第一节听短对话回答问题D)1-5 dbaecbeen chosen.You may know that Maria Mason was50.The writer hopes (that)more and more people听第一段对话，回答第1小题Sentenceswill fall in love with the kites made in Weifang.W:Oh,the toy fox looks cute.Is it made of glass?ast year's winner.She won 1,000 dollairs!1.It seems that some people don't read paper booksM:No,it's made of clay.I bought it in a toy shop.I书面表达One possible version:三、信息转迷及询问anymore.also bought a toy bear and it is made of stone.Besides zongzi,Zhaoqing,my hometown,is2.No matter what happens,I won't give up.听第二段对话，回答第2小题。Good afteroon,my fellow students.Attention,also famous for the Duan Inkstone.The Duan I3.Lily found finds it hard difficult to learnplease.I'd like to remind you to take part in theInkstone is one of "China's Four FamousChineseW:Hey,what a special sofa!Was it expensivewheyou bought it?speech about great minds.The speech will be held inInkstones".It is made of a kind of special stones.第3版M:Not at all.I bought it at a second-hand shop.It'sour school hall And it will last for three hours fromThe history of making the Duan Inkstone dates backSection Asoft and comfortable.8:30 to 11:30.While listening to the speech,youover 1,300 years.The Duan Inkstone is famous hothI.I.Glass 2.fair/festival 3.chopsticks 4.forks听第三段对话，回答第3小题should keep silent and you shouldn't move aroundat home and abroad for its high quality and beautf5.mobile 6.cottonW:What are you reading.Carter?in the hall Last but not feast,you must write andesigns.When it is used,no sound is made.ManyII.I.blouses 2.coins 3.produced 4.handbagsM:Oh,it's an article about the space station.A new5.widely 6.leavesarticle about great minds after the speech.Hope youfamous people who are interested in calligraphy likespace station will be built soon.enjoy the speech!it very much.It has become a symbol of Chineseculture.●根牡地址：山西省太原市晋阳街202号英语周报社●印：武议集实业有公司武汉市汉南区华工业园2株1号)●邮编：030006●电话：0351-7773933●版：本服激光排中心●责编：王芳●行圆：本报发行都●订圆热线：0351-333565●广告经营许可证号：五商广享11侧